For the past two decades, most online discourse has occurred on a handful of social media platforms. Their dominion seemed unshakeable. The question wasn’t when a challenger to Twitter or Facebook might arrive but if one could ever do so successfully. Could a killer new app, or perhaps the cudgel of antitrust, make a difference?
Today, those same platforms still enjoy the largest user bases; massive breakout successes like TikTok are the rare exception, not the rule. However, user exodus to smaller platforms has become increasingly common — especially from X, the once-undisputed home of The Discourse. X refugees have scattered and settled again and again: to Gab and Truth Social, to Mastodon and Bluesky. The Great Decentralization is a digitalized reflection of our polarized politics that, going forward, will also shape them.
[…]