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…to be more confrontational,” among other strategies. The Ru-IRA efforts began on Twitter in 2013, but soon expanded to Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, and other platforms (Howard et al. 2018, 3)….

…echo chambers and filter bubbles. In the future, we hope to update this research review with sections on topics such as social and political instability, fear, wealth disparity and inequality,…

…a response to Floridi (2012), disinformation may not be perfectly definable. “There may simply be prototypical instances of disinformation, with different things falling closer to or further from these prototypes,”…