While concern over misinformation may seem like a post-2016 phenomenon, it isn’t. In the 1940s, the rapid rise in mass media and the devastating use of mediated propaganda by the Nazis caused great alarm. To alleviate fears that this propaganda would overwhelm the United States, Columbia University sociologists Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton suggested that mass persuasion through the American media system was quite difficult. They outlined three criteria necessary for its success — monopolization, canalization and supplementation — and explained how these criteria were nearly impossible to meet in the media system at the time.
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