Science Feedback and partners have released a second measurement of Structural Indicators across six Very Large Online Platforms (VLOPs) in four EU member states (France, Spain, Poland, Slovakia).
This second wave, conducted in October 2025, allows us for the first time to compare results across two independent measurement periods, and the consistency of findings confirms we are measuring structural features of platforms, not short-term noise.
Below we highlight the headline results on (1) Prevalence of misinformation, (2) the “misinformation premium”, (3) Monetisation, (4) AI-generated mis/disinformation (new this wave), and (5) Audience growth (new this wave).
For methods, all figures, and country breakdowns, download the full report.
KEY FINDINGS AT A GLANCE
– Prevalence: TikTok continues to show the highest prevalence of mis/disinformation (~25% of exposure-weighted posts), up from ~20% in the first measurement. YouTube also saw a notable increase, from ~8.5% to ~12%. Three platforms (TikTok, X/Twitter, and YouTube) now contain more problematic content than credible content in our samples.
– Misinformation premium: The interaction advantage of low-credibility accounts over high-credibility ones persisted or worsened on most platforms. On X/Twitter it rose from ~4× to ~10×, and on YouTube from ~8.5× to ~11×. LinkedIn remains the only exception where no significant premium is observed.
– Monetisation: Platform opacity remains the rule. Where data allowed inference (YouTube and Facebook), a high proportion of eligible low-credibility accounts appear monetised (81% on YouTube and 22% on Facebook) indicating that demonetisation policies are not working as intended.
– AI-generated mis/disinformation: One in four mis/disinformation posts on TikTok (24%) and nearly one in five on YouTube (19%) contain AI-generated content. Over 83% of these carry no label. Health misinformation dominates on both platforms.
– Audience growth: On most platforms, no significant difference in follower growth was found between high- and low-credibility accounts. X/Twitter is the exception: low-credibility accounts are growing their audiences at roughly 3.5 times the rate of high-credibility ones.